Lloyd's pre-tax profit for the first six months of 2019 has jumped to GBP2.3bn ($3bn) from GBP0.6bn in June 2018. The increased profit was underpinned by a combined ratio of 98.8% and investment income of GBP2.3bn as the market benefitted from unrealised gains due to lower US and UK bond yields as well as robust returns from equities.